Rate of injection of anesthesia affects various physiological and pathological changes in a patient such as perception of pain and time taken for onset of akinesia. A training system based on a suitably modified syringe equipped with a simple measurement system where a trainee can observe the rate of injection, prior to practicing on live patients, can be of immense value towards reducing the risks involved. In this paper, we propose a low-cost Hall Effect sensor based measurement scheme for detection of rate of injection from a syringe. The Hall Effect sensor along with a permanent magnet senses the position of the syringe piston relative to the syringe body. A new design of a suitable piston has been discussed that minimizes anesthesia wastage by providing the illusion of anesthesia flow through the needle. A prototype system has been built and tested that validated the new scheme. The rate of injection was measured and displayed in real time. It was within acceptable error limits demonstrating the usefulness of the system for practical training purposes. © 2012 IEEE.

Boby George

Department of Electrical Engineering

Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam

Biswarup Mukherjee

ERROR LIMITS

Flowthrough

HALL-EFFECT SENSORS

Injection rates

Measurement system

New design

PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES

PRACTICAL TRAINING

Prototype system

Real time

Training systems

Anesthesiology

Hall effect

Sensors

SYRINGES

IIT Madras is a public technical and research university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Founded in 1959, it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance.

IIT Madras has been ranked as the top engineering institute in India for four years in a row by the National Institutional Ranking Framework of the MHRD

It currently offers undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees across 16 disciplines in Engineering, Sciences, Humanities and Management. About 596 faculty belonging to science and engineering departments and centres of the Institute are engaged in teaching, research and industrial consultancy.

IIT Madras

Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensing Technology, ICST

Regional anesthesia delivery for ocular surgery involves insertion of a syringe needle into the orbital space at the proper position and orientation such that ocular structures remain undamaged while avoiding adverse systemic reactions. Additionally, anesthetic fluid must be injected at an appropriate rate to achieve painless and rapid akinesia. Training on human subjects is risky and animal cadavers do not emulate human ocular anatomy. Thus, a training system, which closely replicates human ocular anatomical structure and provides real-time qualitative feedback on the effectiveness and safety of the anesthetic procedure would significantly mitigate risks associated with real life procedures. This paper presents a rapid prototyped, anatomically precise training manikin that detects the proximity and touch of syringe needle to the extraocular muscles and alarms the trainee to avoid injury. The proximity of the needle to the muscle structure is detected using capacitive sensors integrated in the manikin. A Hall-effect sensor-based measurement scheme for detection of rate of injection from a syringe has been developed. The specially designed syringe piston provides illusion of fluid flow inside the manikin for the trainee while reducing anesthesia wastage. A virtual instrument developed measures the output from capacitive sensing electrodes and Hall-effect sensor and displays it to the trainee through a graphical user interface. The proposed capacitive touch and proximity detection schemes have been validated by tests performed on the prototype system. The rate of injection was measured in real time on a prototype syringe, demonstrating the practical use of the system for medical training purposes. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

An ophthalmic anesthesia training system using integrated capacitive and hall effect sensors

Injection of fluids in the body using needle syringes is a standard clinical practice. The rate of injection can have various pathological effects on the body such as the pain perceived or in case of anesthesia, the amount of akinesia attained. Hence, a training system with a modified syringe employing a simple measurement scheme where a trainee can observe and practice the rate of injection prior to administering on actual human subjects, can be of great value towards reduction of complications in real life situations. In this paper, we develop a system for measurement of syringe injection rate with two Hall-effect sensors. Ring magnets attached to the body of the syringe along with the dual Hall-effect sensor configuration help in determining the position of the piston with respect to the syringe body. The two Hall-sensors are arranged in a differential configuration such that a linear relationship is obtained between the volume of liquid in the syringe (in ml) and the Hall-effect sensor output voltages. A prototype developed validated the measurement scheme. The rate of injection was displayed in real-time with a LabVIEW based Virtual Instrument. The error was within acceptable limits illustrating its efficacy for practical training purposes. © 2013 IEEE.

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS

A syringe injection rate detector employing a dual Hall-effect sensor configuration

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering

Instrumentation of the Loss-of-Resistance Technique for Epidural Needle Insertion

Archives of Disease in Childhood

Vaccine-related pain: randomised controlled trial of two injection techniques

Development of a Computer-Assisted High-Pressure Injection Device for Vertebroplasty

The Spine Journal

In vitro measurement of pressure differences using manometry at various injection speeds during discography

British Journal of Anaesthesia

Rate of injection through Whitacre needles affects distribution of spinal anaesthesia

A Hall Effect sensor based syringe injection rate detector

Journal	Proceedings of the International Conference on Sensing Technology, ICST
ISSN	21568065
Open Access	No