In 1986, the European Society of Biomaterials Consensus Conference gave a simplified definition of biomaterials as “a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems”. This seems to be more appropriate when we look into the versatility of applications of biomaterials in the health sector, especially in cardiovascular practice. This field has expanded exponentially in every direction, with multifunctional capability. Heart valves have undergone an evolution in biomaterials and design. Patches and conduits have been developed to correct anatomical deficits, and solutions have been found for narrowing or ballooning of the arteries. Research is ongoing to find replacements for every part of this system by creating replicas made of various materials. To investigate problems pertaining to the cardiovascular system, catheters have undergone an astounding leap in material optimization. In these three sectors, the trends, successes, and failures are worth discussing. This review mainly focuses on the types of biomaterial used for making cardiovascular devices and their advantages and limitations. © The Author(s) 2019.

Soma Guhathakurta

Biomaterial

biopolymer

carbon

Metal

plasticizer

politef

Polyethylene

polymer

Allograft

cardiovascular system

Ceramics

HEART VALVE

hemolysis

Human

review

stenosis

Tissue engineering

IIT Madras is a public technical and research university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Founded in 1959, it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance.

IIT Madras has been ranked as the top engineering institute in India for four years in a row by the National Institutional Ranking Framework of the MHRD

It currently offers undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees across 16 disciplines in Engineering, Sciences, Humanities and Management. About 596 faculty belonging to science and engineering departments and centres of the Institute are engaged in teaching, research and industrial consultancy.

IIT Madras

Progress in cardiovascular biomaterials

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals

Acellular tissue-engineered (ATE) xenografts and homografts are used in clinical cardiovascular surgery. The present study examined the specific role of carbohydrate antigen (a-Gal and T-antigen) in immune response after decellularisation in tissue-engineered xenografts (porcine pulmonary artery and bovine jugular vein). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to ascertain whether implantation of bioprostheses, ATE xenografts and mechanical valve replacement result in augmentation of anti-a-Gal IgM antibodies within eight days of surgery (each group, n = 6). Kinetics of host inflammatory response on surgically explanted ATE xenografts was also studied. Immunostaining for a-Gal and T-antigen detected the presence of them in the native tissue but they were absent in processed ATE xenografts from the same tissue. A significant increase in the concentration of anti-a-Gal IgM antibodies was observed in the serum of bioprosthetic valve recipients as compared to ATE xenograft recipients (P&lt;0.05). Organised collagen, and decreased inflammatory response with increase in endothelisation and vascularisation was evident beyond one year of surgery as compared to early periods in ATE xenografts. This study demonstrates that decellularisation of xenografts and further processing of these tissues enabled reduction of inflammatory stimulus with autologous recellularisation with no calcification. © 2011 Published by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery.

Fulltext

Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery

Inflammatory responses of tissue-engineered xenografts in a clinical scenario

Versatile use of bovine pericardium in clinical cardiovascular surgery requires processing, especially cross-linking, to make the tissue non antigenic and mechanically strong. Forty-nine bovine pericardia were made acellular and then cross-linked by two different methods, group A (20) with formalin and group B (29) with heparin and subsequently, as a final measure, five of group B pericardia were gamma-ray sterilized with stipulated dose of 25 kGy and classified as group C. The surface property of thrombogenesis and haemolysis were compared in these three groups to identify a suitable method of processing so that it could be used in the vascular system without any thromboembolic complication. Extensive microscopical examination, mechanical testing and other physical property for biocompatibility studies were conducted on these three different groups with key focus on in vitro thrombogenicity studies. Heparin treated group B bovine pericardium appeared to be the best method of processing among these three by the above studies and was confirmed by laser confocal microscopy. Heparin cross-linked and heparin sodium treated processing had gained the higher tensile strength, and appeared to be nonthrombogenic, noncalcifiable (by animal experiments), biocompatible biomaterial, which can be used clinically. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

IRBM

Thrombogenicity studies of three different variants of processed bovine pericardium

Advances in Biomembranes and Lipid Self-Assembly

The Importance of Antibacterial Surfaces in Biomedical Applications

Biomaterials

In situ heart valve tissue engineering using a bioresorbable elastomeric implant – From material design to 12 months follow-up in sheep

JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging

Cardiac 3D Printing and its Future Directions

Journal	Data powered by TypesetAsian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals
Publisher	Data powered by TypesetSAGE Publications Inc.
ISSN	02184923
Open Access	No