Interaction of various physical, chemical and biological transport processes plays an important role in deciding the fate and migration of contaminants in groundwater systems. In this study, a numerical investigation on the interaction of various transport processes of BTEX in a saturated groundwater system is carried out. In addition, the multi-component dissolution from a residual BTEX source under unsteady flow conditions is incorporated in the modeling framework. The model considers Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene dissolving from the residual BTEX source zone to undergo sorption and aerobic biodegradation within the groundwater aquifer. Spatial concentration profiles of dissolved BTEX components under the interaction of various sorption and biodegradation conditions have been studied. Subsequently, a spatial moment analysis is carried out to analyze the effect of interaction of various transport processes on the total dissolved mass and the mobility of dissolved BTEX components. Results from the present numerical study suggest that the interaction of dissolution, sorption and biodegradation significantly influence the spatial distribution of dissolved BTEX components within the saturated groundwater system. Mobility of dissolved BTEX components is also found to be affected by the interaction of these transport processes. © 2018, Indian Academy of Sciences.

Govindarajan Suresh Kumar

Department of Ocean Engineering

Renu Valsala

Anaerobic digestion

aquifer

Biodegradation

BTEX

Concentration (composition)

dissolution

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE

Groundwater

numerical model

pollutant transport

Reaction kinetics

Sorption

Fulltext

IIT Madras is a public technical and research university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Founded in 1959, it is recognised as an Institute of National Importance.

IIT Madras has been ranked as the top engineering institute in India for four years in a row by the National Institutional Ranking Framework of the MHRD

It currently offers undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees across 16 disciplines in Engineering, Sciences, Humanities and Management. About 596 faculty belonging to science and engineering departments and centres of the Institute are engaged in teaching, research and industrial consultancy.

IIT Madras

Journal of Earth System Science

Petroleum hydrocarbons generally referred to as light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) entrapped within a saturated subsurface geological formation can result in longer duration of contamination due to mass transfer limitations associated with heterogeneity of the system. Considering a part of the total pore volume as immobile is significant in capturing the behaviour of extended tailing by solute breakthrough profiles. In this context, the present numerical model investigates dissolution characteristics of residual petroleum hydrocarbons (LNAPL) resulting from both mobile and immobile domains under varying conditions of rate-limited diffusive mass transfer, longitudinal dispersivity and mean mobile fluid velocity in a saturated groundwater system. The numerical results suggest that the influence of residual LNAPL saturation on dissolution mass transfer coefficient is critical in comparison with mobile flow velocity and dispersivity. In addition, the rate-limited effect becomes predominant with significant increase in advective velocity and reduction in residual LNAPL saturation for structured porous media. It is concluded from this study that the transport of dissolved contaminant is dominated by advection at the mobile pores, while the diffusive equilibrium at the immobile volume is significant in characterizing the extended tailing and subsequently determines the overall mass transfer resistance. © 2015 Indian Society for Hydraulics.

ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

Numerical modelling on rate-limited dissolution mass transfer of entrapped petroleum hydrocarbons in a saturated sub-surface system

Characterization of aquifers contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons is limited by the use of dissolution mass transfer correlations developed for single compounds without considering the effects of the mass transfer limitations in presence of other components. A one-dimensional implicit numerical model is developed for the coupled mass transfer and transport processes and the results are analysed using existing mass transfer correlations for better understanding of the single and multicomponent dissolution processes. The mass transfer coefficient in the multicomponent system is found to be more nonlinear and extending with changing slope, unlike the exponential reduction for single compound system. During the initial phase, the dissolution rate of a soluble compound is very high due to the high concentration gradient, and as dissolution progresses, its effective solubility decreases with change in mole fraction. At higher pore volumes, the mole fractions of lower solubility fractions increase which can result in higher effective solubility. The kinetics of interphase mass transfer by dissolution and sorption is favoured by coupled biodegradation. However, mass transfer limitation for more soluble compounds under the conditions of low residual saturation and low mole fraction is observed to be due to low dissolution rate coefficient rather than decreasing concentration gradient. © 2014, Indian Academy of Sciences.

Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences

Numerical modelling of multicomponent LNAPL dissolution kinetics at residual saturation in a saturated subsurface system

In the present study, method of temporal moments has been used to analyse the transport characteristics of reactive solute along fracture in a coupled fracture-skin-matrix system. In order to obtain the concentration distribution within the fracture, a system of coupled partial differential equations for fracture, fracture-skin and rock-matrix has been solved numerically in a pseudo two-dimensional domain using implicit finite difference method. Subsequently, lower order temporal moments of solute have been computed from the concentration distribution to analyse the transport characteristics of solutes in the fracture. This study has been done by considering an inlet boundary condition of constant continuous source in a single fracture. The effect of various fracture-skin parameters like porosity, thickness and diffusion coefficient on the transport of solutes have been studied by doing sensitivity analyses. The effect of nonlinear sorption and radioactive decay of solutes have also been analysed by carrying out simulations for different sorption intensities and decay constants. Numerical results suggested that the presence of fracture-skin significantly influences the transport characteristics of reactive solutes along the fracture. © 2014 Indian Academy of Sciences.

Temporal moment analysis of solute transport in a coupled fracture-skin-matrix system

This study deals with transport of solutes through a saturated sub-surface rock formation with well-defined horizontal parallel fractures. For this purpose, a simplified conceptual model consisting of a single fracture and its associated rock-matrix is considered in the presence of a fracture-skin in order to study the mobility and mixing of solutes along the fracture. In this paper, a coupled fracture-skin-matrix system is modeled numerically using finite difference method in a pseudo two-dimensional domain with a constant continuous source at fracture inlet. Flow and transport processes are considered parallel to the fracture axis, while the transport processes in fracture-skin as well as in rock-matrix are considered perpendicular to the fracture axis. Having obtained the concentration distribution along the fracture, method of spatial moments is employed to study the mobility and spreading of solutes. Sensitivity analyses have been done to understand the effect of various fracture-skin parameters like porosity, thickness, and diffusion coefficient. Further, the influence of non-linear sorption and radioactive decaying of solutes are carried out for different sorption intensities and decay constants. Results suggest that the presence of fracture-skin significantly influences the mobility and spreading of solutes along the fracture in comparison with a coupled fracture-matrix system without fracture-skin. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

Numerical Modeling and Spatial Moment Analysis of Solute Mobility and Spreading in a Coupled Fracture-Skin-Matrix System

In Situ Chemical Oxidation for Groundwater Remediation: Site-Specific Engineering & Technology Application

Interaction of dissolution, sorption and biodegradation on transport of BTEX in a saturated groundwater system: Numerical modeling and spatial moment analysis

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